Vitamin A, also known as retinol, plays a crucial role in the immune systems of non-ruminant animals such as swine and poultry. It consists of three distinct compounds: retinol, retinal, and retinoic acid. In the diets of monogastric animals, vitamin A primarily appears in the form of retinyl esters. These esters undergo conversion to retinol for absorption in the intestine and subsequent distribution throughout the body’s tissues. The active forms of vitamin A are essential for the proper functioning of immune cells, including T and B lymphocytes and dendritic cells. A deficiency in vitamin A can weaken the immune system, leading to reduced antibody production and an increased risk of infections. This deficiency can also have a negative impact on gut health in both mammals and birds. Supplementation with vitamin A has been shown to enhance immune responses, making it a potential tool for improving overall health. However, determining the precise dosage and timing of supplementation requires careful consideration of the specific species, highlighting the need for further research in the field of non-ruminant nutritional immunology.
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